The Guardian’s Kareem Shaheen, the first reporter from western media to visit the town after the attack, photographed the crater where the chemical weapon was reported to have hit an apparently abandoned warehouse and silos near the crater. Today, Donora is an out-of-the-way town of just 4,000 inhabitants, without even a gas station or a grocery store, But back in 1948, Charlton explains, it was several times larger, a bustling center of industry that was home to both a zinc works with 10 smelters and a steel mill that used the zinc to galvanize its products. Donora resident Charles Stacey, who in 1948 was a 16-year-old high school senior, recalls that several days before the deaths began, the smog that enveloped the town was so thick that when he walked to school in the mornings and evenings, it was difficult to see the traffic signals. With nearby hospitals filling up and funeral directors overwhelmed, the old Donora Hotel became an improvised infirmary and morgue, Stacey recalls. In Donora, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles (48 kilometers) by car south of Pittsburgh along the Monongahela River, what used to be a Chinese restaurant is now the home of the Donora Historical Society and Smog Museum.

Saturday morning.S. history, a toxic smog that enveloped Donora in late October 1948 and killed more than 20 residents, in addition to sickening thousands more. Then, pour 5 gallons or so of water in the bowl, followed by the slow, careful addition of 12 ounces of muriatic acid. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. They also play an important part in modern Chemical technology, most prominently in the storage of electrical power in batteries, and the electrochemical process called electrolysis is important in modern industry. The LCFS updates adopted by the Board were developed after a rigorous, years-long public rulemaking process that incorporated feedback received from interested parties. But as U.S. Public Health Service official Dr. James Townsend noted in this 1950 account, some residents – fearful of incurring the wrath of their employer (the Zinc company) – tried to minimize the illnesses they’d suffered during the smog. While the zinc works provided thousands of residents with good-paying jobs, there was a major downside.

Eventually, dozens of local residents filed lawsuits against the company that owned the zinc works – which, in its defense, asserted that the smog had been an Act of God for which it was not responsible, according to a 1994 article by Lynn Page Snyder published in Environmental History Review. The plant also continuously released billowing emissions into the local sky, laden with a soup of pollutants that included “hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, multiple sulfur compounds, and heavy metals within fine particulate matter,” according to the AJPH study. Don’t use window cleaners, household cleaners, compressed air, aerosol sprays, solvents, ammonia, abrasives, or cleaners containing hydrogen peroxide to clean iPod mini. It’s not the most popular of household chores, but it is one of the most essential: The bathroom is a place you want to get truly clean. If none of the easier options are doing the trick, there are a couple of riskier ways to get the results you desire.

This step might have to be repeated several times over the next hour or two, but doing so should completely eradicate the mark. Calcium stains build up over time, but it often feels like they appear out of thin air overnight, resulting in an unsightly brownish/orangish/pinkish ring around your once pristine toilet bowl. A mild, natural acid, such as lemon juice or vinegar, can be very effective at nipping calcium deposits in the bud. But it can still be more than a little annoying when the toilets you appreciate so greatly fall victim to dreaded calcium deposits. The cheapest (and most logical) method is probably just to tackle any calcium stain the instant it starts to appear. A general method for analysis of concentration involves the creation of a calibration curve. Steam ‘n’ Dry Auckland would recommend the dry cleaner’s method for older or delicate fabrics. This second method is not as widely used as ICL. Just use an ultra-thin dusting wand and run it under the components. Sludge is sticky, caramelized oil that accumulates on all of your engine’s vital components.