As new Office 365 ProPlus features and functionality accrete, those applications evolve until, at some point – usually about three years from the previous perpetual Office – Microsoft says they are sufficiently different to warrant a new release. The fabrics are also useful in mattress pads, where they buffer normal temperature swings, helping a person to sleep more soundly. NASA technology has led to other innovations in temperature control. Some of this same technology has been incorporated into a heated vest marketed by the Australian company Jett. The technology was adapted for race car drivers and firefighters, who also need a way to cool off when operating inside a protective suit. Almost exactly a year later, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, ushering in the space race and moving the concept of lunar and planetary contamination from a vague possibility to a sudden and frightening reality. Forward contamination occurs when Earth-based microbes hitch a ride on a NASA rocket (or a NASA astronaut), land on another body in the solar system and, once there, decide to stick around. By June, the academy, based on the board’s recommendations, shared its concerns about contamination with the International Congress of Scientific Unions (ICSU), hoping to make the issue a global concern.

By the time John F. Kennedy delivered his “we choose to go to the moon” speech in 1962, scientists had already discussed the issue in September 1956, when the International Astronautical Federation convened its seventh congress in Rome. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite U (GOES-U) has now passed several important milestones ahead of its upcoming launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. To tackle these complex scenarios, NASA planners do what they always do: they break the problem down and make sure each small piece has an adequate solution. In 2002, NAS visualization experts developed a visualization system called the “hyperwall” which included 49 linked LCD panels that allowed scientists to view complex datasets on a large, dynamic seven-by-seven screen array. Build a model spacecraft to explore the solar system! This system creates a handful of self-interested congressional boosters, but narrows the agency’s focus and limits broad political and public support.

NASA, of course, had already worked hard to develop stringent planetary protection guidelines by then, but it redoubled its efforts to help soothe public concerns. Then, after launch, they track the vessel carefully and, as they get more confident that it’s on course and responding well, they begin correcting the trajectory slowly over time. 8, 0 but different city, and -8 timezones (plus a few more weekly). A few transplanted bacteria might confound future searches for life or, worse, kill any indigenous organisms. Services like Outtask, he says, have arisen to fulfill the demands of the business environment just as autonomic functions evolved in higher organisms. Biologists refer to these creatures as extremophiles: organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, such as strong acid, low oxygen or extremely high temperatures. And if life finds a way in Earth’s extreme environments, then it stands to reason that it could do the same in the harsh conditions found on Mars or even Venus. Instead, they “washed” spacecraft in ethylene oxide, a gas that was soluble in many materials and could penetrate effectively into the nooks and crannies of even the most complexly designed vehicle.

When the Columbia Command Module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969, a recovery crew jumped from a helicopter to the floating spacecraft. Then the people on the helicopter hoisted the astronauts out of the water and carried them to the deck of the USS Hornet. NASA’s approach addressed three main concerns: the returning spacecraft, the astronauts and any samples carried back. In 1972, the Apollo 16 mission returned to Earth with 731 rock and soil samples taken from the lunar central highlands, which they eventually sent to labs around the world. As a precaution, the recovery crew also remained quarantined along with the Apollo astronauts. The Viking missions of the mid-1970s were just as important for planetary protection as the Apollo ones, and led to the development of many techniques still used today. New Horizons is the first mission in NASA’s New Frontiers mission category, larger and more expensive than the Discovery missions but smaller than the missions of the Flagship Program. It may also be used to make better refrigerators with much thinner walls and more room inside for food.